Edge Orientation
An edge-piece is correctly oriented if the U- or D-face colour is in the U- or D-face. In other words, in this case where we have the Yellow centre on the U-face and White on the D-face, an edge in the U-layer is correctly oriented if it is Yellow-up or White-up, and one in the D-layer is correct if it is Yellow-down or White-down. It is only possible for an even number of the 6 remaining edges to be incorrectly oriented. (None, 2, 4 or 6, obviously.) Therefore it is possible to infer the state of the invisible DB edge from the four U edges and the DF edge that you can see. In the diagrams for this step, we are looking at the U face, with F and R for perspective. The (possibly) incorrectly oriented pieces will be in grey, and the rest of the cube (all of which is now correct) in pink.